Notebookcheck Logo

Intel Pentium Gold 4410Y vs Intel Core i7-4860HQ vs Intel Core i5-7200U

Intel Pentium Gold 4410Y

► remove from comparison Intel Pentium 4410Y

The Intel Pentium 4410Y is a low power entry level processor for small laptops or tablets and based on the Kaby Lake architecture. It was announced in Q2 2017 and offers two processor cores clocked at 1.5 GHz (no Turbo Boost). Thanks to Hyper Threading, the processor can execute up to four threads simultaneously. The chips also includes the Intel HD Graphics 615 GPU, a dual-channel memory controller (DDR3L/LPDDR3) as well as VP9 and H.265 video de- and encoder. It is still produced in a 14 nm process with FinFET transistors. Compared to the much faster Core m3-7Y30, the Pentium 4410 offers no Turbo Boost, different CPU and GPU clock speeds, a smaller L3 cache and a higher TDP of 6 Watt.

Architecture

Intel basically used the familiar micro architecture from the Skylake generation, so the per-MHz performance is identical. Only the Speed-Shift technology for faster dynamic adjustments of the voltages and clocks was improved, and the matured 14 nm process now also enables much higher frequencies and better efficiency than before. 

Performance

Due to the missing Turbo Boost, the Pentium 4410Y offers a significantly worse single thread performance than the more expensive Core m3-7Y30. This should be noticeable in daily tasks. The similar Pentium 4415Y is slightly faster due to the 100 MHz higher core clock of the processor cores.

Graphics

The integrated Intel HD Graphics 615 GPU has 24 Execution Units (EUs) like the old HD Graphics 515 and runs with clocks between 300 and 850 MHz in combination with this processor. The performance heavily depends on the TDP limit as well as the memory configuration; with fast LPDDR3-1866 RAM in dual-channel mode, the GPU should sometimes be able to compete with the HD Graphics 520, but can also be much slower in other scenarios. Modern games from 2016 will, if at all, only run smoothly in the lowest settings.

Contrary to Skylake, Kaby Lake now also supports hardware decoding for H.265/HEVC Main10 with a 10-bit color depth as well as Google's VP9 codec.

Power Consumption

The chip is manufactured in an improved 14 nm process with FinFET transistors, so the power efficiency was once again improved significantly. The TDP is rated at 6 Watt and can be reduced to 4,5 Watt (cTDP down).

Intel Core i7-4860HQ

► remove from comparison Intel 4860HQ

The Intel Core i7-4860HQ is a high-end quad-core processor for laptops launched in Q1 2014. It is based on the Haswell architecture and manufactured in 22nm. Due to Hyperthreading, the four cores can handle up to eight threads in parallel leading to better utilization of the CPU. Each core offers a base speed of 2.4 GHz but can dynamically increase clock rates with Turbo Boost up to 3.4 GHz (for 4 active cores), 3.5 GHz (for 2 active cores) and 3.6 GHz (for 1 active core). The 2C/4C Turbo clocks have not been confirmed yet. A noteworthy feature is the fast integrated graphics unit (GT3e) with eDRAM memory (128 MB, 77 mm², on-package, 102 GB/s).

Architecture

Haswell is the successor to the Ivy Bridge architecture with improvements on both GPU and CPU performance. The CPUs are produced in 22nm and offer an optimized branch prediction as well as additional execution ports, improving the performance per clock by 5 - 10 percent. Furthermore, new features like AVX2 and FMA should increase the performance in future applications.

Performance

Compared to the Core i7-4850HQ, the 4860HQ is clocked just 100 MHz higher and therefore only slightly faster. Overall, the performance is similar to the Ivy Bridge-based Core i7-3840QM. Even extremly demanding software or multitasking will be handled easily.

Graphics

The integrated Iris Pro Graphics 5200 GPU offers 40 Execution Units (EUs) clocked at 200 - 1200 MHz (Turbo clock not confirmed yet), making it significantly faster than the HD 4000 or HD 4600. The additional eDRAM memory further improves performance. As a result, the HD 5200 competes with dedicated mid-range graphics cards like the GeForce GT 740M.

Power Consumption

The i7-4860HQ is rated at a TDP of 47 W including the integrated graphics card, memory controller and VRMs.  Therefore, the CPU is best suited for laptops 15-inches or greater.

Intel Core i5-7200U

► remove from comparison Intel i5-7200U

The Intel Core i5-7200U is a dual-core processor of the Kaby Lake architecture. It offers two CPU cores clocked at 2.5 - 3.1 GHz and integrates HyperThreading to work with up to 4 threads at once. The architectural differences are rather small compared to the Skylake generation, therefore the performance per MHz is very similar. The SoC includes a dual channel DDR4 memory controller and Intel HD Graphics 620 graphics card (clocked at 300 - 1000 MHz). It is manufactured in an improved 14nm FinFET process at Intel. Compared to the old Skylake based Core i5-6200U, the i5-7200U offers a 300 MHz higher clock speed.

ModelIntel Pentium Gold 4410YIntel Core i7-4860HQIntel Core i5-7200U
SeriesIntel Kaby LakeIntel Core i7Intel Kaby Lake
CodenameKaby LakeHaswellKaby Lake
Series: Kaby Lake Kaby Lake
Intel Core i7-7700K4.2 - 4.5 GHz4 / 8 cores8 MB L3
Intel Core i7-77003.6 - 4.2 GHz4 / 8 cores8 MB L3
Intel Xeon E3-1535M v63.1 - 4.2 GHz4 / 8 cores8 MB L3
Intel Core i7-7920HQ3.1 - 4.1 GHz4 / 8 cores8 MB L3
Intel Core i7-7700T2.9 - 3.8 GHz4 / 8 cores8 MB L3
Intel Core i5-7600K3.8 - 4.2 GHz4 / 4 cores8 MB L3
Intel Xeon E3-1505M v63 - 4 GHz4 / 8 cores8 MB L3
Intel Core i7-7820HQ2.9 - 3.9 GHz4 / 8 cores8 MB L3
Intel Core i7-7820HK2.9 - 3.9 GHz4 / 8 cores8 MB L3
Intel Core i7-7700HQ2.8 - 3.8 GHz4 / 8 cores6 MB L3
Intel Core i5-75003.4 - 3.8 GHz4 / 4 cores6 MB L3
Intel Core i5-7440HQ2.8 - 3.8 GHz4 / 4 cores6 MB L3
Intel Core i7-7567U3.5 - 4 GHz2 / 4 cores4 MB L3
Intel Core i7-7660U2.5 - 4 GHz2 / 4 cores4 MB L3
Intel Core i7-7600U2.8 - 3.9 GHz2 / 4 cores4 MB L3
Intel Core i5-7300HQ2.5 - 3.5 GHz4 / 4 cores6 MB L3
Intel Core i5-7500T2.7 - 3.3 GHz4 / 4 cores6 MB L3
Intel Core i5-7287U3.3 - 3.7 GHz2 / 4 cores4 MB L3
Intel Core i7-7560U2.4 - 3.8 GHz2 / 4 cores4 MB L3
Intel Core i5-7267U3.1 - 3.5 GHz2 / 4 cores4 MB L3
Intel Core i5-7360U2.3 - 3.6 GHz2 / 4 cores4 MB L3
Intel Core i7-7500U2.7 - 3.5 GHz2 / 4 cores4 MB L3
Intel Core i5-7300U2.6 - 3.5 GHz2 / 4 cores3 MB L3
Intel Core i5-7260U2.2 - 3.4 GHz2 / 4 cores4 MB L3
Intel Core i5-7200U2.5 - 3.1 GHz2 / 4 cores3 MB L3
Intel Core i3-7100H3 GHz2 / 4 cores3 MB L3
Intel Core i3-7167U2.8 GHz2 / 4 cores3 MB L3
Intel Core i7-7Y751.3 - 3.6 GHz2 / 4 cores4 MB L3
Intel Core i5-7Y571.2 - 3.3 GHz2 / 4 cores4 MB L3
Intel Core i5-7Y541.2 - 3.2 GHz2 / 4 cores4 MB L3
Intel Core i3-7100U2.4 GHz2 / 4 cores3 MB L3
Intel Core m3-7Y321 - 3 GHz2 / 4 cores4 MB L3
Intel Pentium Gold 4415U2.3 GHz2 / 4 cores2 MB L3
Intel Core m3-7Y301 - 2.6 GHz2 / 4 cores4 MB L3
Intel Celeron 3965U2.2 GHz2 / 2 cores2 MB L3
Intel Core i3-7020U2.3 GHz2 / 4 cores3 MB L3
Intel Celeron 3867U1.8 GHz2 / 2 cores2 MB L3
Intel Celeron 3865U1.8 GHz2 / 2 cores2 MB L3
Intel Pentium Gold 4425Y1.7 GHz2 / 4 cores2 MB L3
Intel Pentium Gold 4415Y1.6 GHz2 / 4 cores2 MB L3
Intel Pentium Gold 4410Y « 1.5 GHz2 / 4 cores2 MB L3
Intel Celeron 3965Y1.5 GHz2 / 2 cores2 MB L3
Intel Core i7-4940MX3.1 - 4 GHz4 / 8 cores8 MB L3
Intel Core i7-4930MX3 - 3.9 GHz4 / 8 cores8 MB L3
Intel Core i7-4980HQ2.8 - 4 GHz4 / 8 cores6 MB L3
Intel Core i7-4910MQ2.9 - 3.9 GHz4 / 8 cores8 MB L3
Intel Core i7-4900MQ2.8 - 3.8 GHz4 / 8 cores8 MB L3
Intel Core i7-4960HQ2.6 - 3.8 GHz4 / 8 cores6 MB L3
Intel Core i7-4810MQ2.8 - 3.8 GHz4 / 8 cores6 MB L3
Intel Core i7-4870HQ2.5 - 3.7 GHz4 / 8 cores6 MB L3
Intel Core i7-4800MQ2.7 - 3.7 GHz4 / 8 cores6 MB L3
Intel Core i7-4950HQ2.4 - 3.6 GHz4 / 8 cores6 MB L3
Intel Core i7-4860HQ « 2.4 - 3.6 GHz4 / 8 cores6 MB L3
Intel Core i7-4720HQ2.6 - 3.6 GHz4 / 8 cores6 MB L3
Intel Core i7-4850HQ2.3 - 3.5 GHz4 / 8 cores6 MB L3
Intel Core i7-4710HQ2.5 - 3.5 GHz4 / 8 cores6 MB L3
Intel Core i7-4710MQ2.5 - 3.5 GHz4 / 8 cores6 MB L3
Intel Core i7-4770HQ2.2 - 3.4 GHz4 / 8 cores6 MB L3
Intel Core i7-4700HQ2.4 - 3.4 GHz4 / 8 cores6 MB L3
Intel Core i7-4700MQ2.4 - 3.4 GHz4 / 8 cores6 MB L3
Intel Core i7-4760HQ2.1 - 3.3 GHz4 / 8 cores6 MB L3
Intel Core i7-4722HQ2.4 - 3.4 GHz4 / 8 cores6 MB L3
Intel Core i7-4712HQ2.3 - 3.3 GHz4 / 8 cores6 MB L3
Intel Core i7-4712MQ2.3 - 3.3 GHz4 / 8 cores6 MB L3
Intel Core i7-4750HQ2 - 3.2 GHz4 / 8 cores6 MB L3
Intel Core i7-4702HQ2.2 - 3.2 GHz4 / 8 cores6 MB L3
Intel Core i7-4702MQ2.2 - 3.2 GHz4 / 8 cores6 MB L3
Intel Core i7-4610M3 - 3.7 GHz2 / 4 cores4 MB L3
Intel Core i7-4600M2.9 - 3.6 GHz2 / 4 cores4 MB L3
Intel Core i7-4578U3 - 3.5 GHz2 / 4 cores4 MB L3
Intel Core i7-4558U2.8 - 3.3 GHz2 / 4 cores4 MB L3
Intel Core i7-4600U2.1 - 3.3 GHz2 / 4 cores4 MB L3
Intel Core i7-4650U1.7 - 3.3 GHz2 / 4 cores4 MB L3
Intel Core i7-4510U2 - 3.1 GHz2 / 4 cores4 MB L3
Intel Core i7-4500U1.8 - 3 GHz2 / 4 cores4 MB L3
Intel Core i7-4550U1.5 - 3 GHz2 / 4 cores4 MB L3
Intel Core i7-4610Y1.7 - 2.9 GHz2 / 4 cores4 MB L3
Intel Core i7-7700K4.2 - 4.5 GHz4 / 8 cores8 MB L3
Intel Core i7-77003.6 - 4.2 GHz4 / 8 cores8 MB L3
Intel Xeon E3-1535M v63.1 - 4.2 GHz4 / 8 cores8 MB L3
Intel Core i7-7920HQ3.1 - 4.1 GHz4 / 8 cores8 MB L3
Intel Core i7-7700T2.9 - 3.8 GHz4 / 8 cores8 MB L3
Intel Core i5-7600K3.8 - 4.2 GHz4 / 4 cores8 MB L3
Intel Xeon E3-1505M v63 - 4 GHz4 / 8 cores8 MB L3
Intel Core i7-7820HQ2.9 - 3.9 GHz4 / 8 cores8 MB L3
Intel Core i7-7820HK2.9 - 3.9 GHz4 / 8 cores8 MB L3
Intel Core i7-7700HQ2.8 - 3.8 GHz4 / 8 cores6 MB L3
Intel Core i5-75003.4 - 3.8 GHz4 / 4 cores6 MB L3
Intel Core i5-7440HQ2.8 - 3.8 GHz4 / 4 cores6 MB L3
Intel Core i7-7567U3.5 - 4 GHz2 / 4 cores4 MB L3
Intel Core i7-7660U2.5 - 4 GHz2 / 4 cores4 MB L3
Intel Core i7-7600U2.8 - 3.9 GHz2 / 4 cores4 MB L3
Intel Core i5-7300HQ2.5 - 3.5 GHz4 / 4 cores6 MB L3
Intel Core i5-7500T2.7 - 3.3 GHz4 / 4 cores6 MB L3
Intel Core i5-7287U3.3 - 3.7 GHz2 / 4 cores4 MB L3
Intel Core i7-7560U2.4 - 3.8 GHz2 / 4 cores4 MB L3
Intel Core i5-7267U3.1 - 3.5 GHz2 / 4 cores4 MB L3
Intel Core i5-7360U2.3 - 3.6 GHz2 / 4 cores4 MB L3
Intel Core i7-7500U2.7 - 3.5 GHz2 / 4 cores4 MB L3
Intel Core i5-7300U2.6 - 3.5 GHz2 / 4 cores3 MB L3
Intel Core i5-7260U2.2 - 3.4 GHz2 / 4 cores4 MB L3
Intel Core i5-7200U « 2.5 - 3.1 GHz2 / 4 cores3 MB L3
Intel Core i3-7100H3 GHz2 / 4 cores3 MB L3
Intel Core i3-7167U2.8 GHz2 / 4 cores3 MB L3
Intel Core i7-7Y751.3 - 3.6 GHz2 / 4 cores4 MB L3
Intel Core i5-7Y571.2 - 3.3 GHz2 / 4 cores4 MB L3
Intel Core i5-7Y541.2 - 3.2 GHz2 / 4 cores4 MB L3
Intel Core i3-7100U2.4 GHz2 / 4 cores3 MB L3
Intel Core m3-7Y321 - 3 GHz2 / 4 cores4 MB L3
Intel Pentium Gold 4415U2.3 GHz2 / 4 cores2 MB L3
Intel Core m3-7Y301 - 2.6 GHz2 / 4 cores4 MB L3
Intel Celeron 3965U2.2 GHz2 / 2 cores2 MB L3
Intel Core i3-7020U2.3 GHz2 / 4 cores3 MB L3
Intel Celeron 3867U1.8 GHz2 / 2 cores2 MB L3
Intel Celeron 3865U1.8 GHz2 / 2 cores2 MB L3
Intel Pentium Gold 4425Y1.7 GHz2 / 4 cores2 MB L3
Intel Pentium Gold 4415Y1.6 GHz2 / 4 cores2 MB L3
Intel Pentium Gold 4410Y1.5 GHz2 / 4 cores2 MB L3
Intel Celeron 3965Y1.5 GHz2 / 2 cores2 MB L3
Clock1500 MHz2400 - 3600 MHz2500 - 3100 MHz
L1 Cache128 KB256 KB128 KB
L2 Cache512 KB1 MB512 KB
L3 Cache2 MB6 MB3 MB
Cores / Threads2 / 44 / 82 / 4
TDP6 Watt47 Watt15 Watt
Technology14 nm22 nm14 nm
max. Temp.100 °C100 °C100 °C
SocketFCBGA1515FCBGA1364BGA1356
FeaturesDual-Channel DDR3L-1600/LPDDR3-1866 Memory Controller, HyperThreading, AVX, AVX2, Quick Sync, Virtualization, AES-NI, TXTIris Pro Graphics 5200 (200 - 1200 MHz), DDR3(L)-1600 Memory Controller, HyperThreading, AVX, AVX2, Quick Sync, Virtualization, vPro, AES-NIDual-Channel DDR4 Memory Controller, HyperThreading, AVX, AVX2, Quick Sync, Virtualization, AES-NI
iGPUIntel HD Graphics 615 (300 - 850 MHz)Intel Iris Pro Graphics 5200 (200 - 1200 MHz)Intel HD Graphics 620 (300 - 1000 MHz)
Architecturex86x86x86
$161 U.S.$434 U.S.$281 U.S.
Announced
Manufacturerark.intel.comark.intel.comark.intel.com
Transistors1700 Million
Die Size260 mm2

Benchmarks

Cinebench R15 - Cinebench R15 CPU Multi 64 Bit
min: 268     avg: 324.5     median: 327 (2%)     max: 337 Points
Cinebench R15 - Cinebench R15 CPU Single 64 Bit
min: 88     avg: 126.3     median: 128 (39%)     max: 132 Points
Cinebench R11.5 - Cinebench R11.5 CPU Multi 64 Bit
100%
1 4860HQ +
6.9 Points (9%)
min: 2.85     avg: 3.6     median: 3.7 (5%)     max: 3.7 Points
Cinebench R11.5 - Cinebench R11.5 CPU Single 64 Bit
min: 1.2     avg: 1.4     median: 1.5 (36%)     max: 1.49 Points
Cinebench R10 - Cinebench R10 Rend. Single (32bit)
min: 4787     avg: 4976     median: 4985.5 (30%)     max: 5022 Points
Cinebench R10 - Cinebench R10 Rend. Multi (32bit)
min: 9213     avg: 11161     median: 11308 (8%)     max: 11955 Points
Cinebench R10 - Cinebench R10 Rend. Multi (64bit)
min: 11910     avg: 13678     median: 13808 (10%)     max: 14554 Points
Cinebench R10 - Cinebench R10 Rend. Single (64bit)
min: 5663     avg: 6343     median: 6415.5 (8%)     max: 6524 Points
wPrime 2.10 - wPrime 2.0 1024m *
min: 460.9     avg: 495     median: 491.2 (6%)     max: 537 s
wPrime 2.10 - wPrime 2.0 32m *
min: 14.66     avg: 15.6     median: 15.5 (3%)     max: 17.62 s
wPrime 1.55 - wPrime 1.55 1024m *
464.8 s (2%)
wPrime 1.55 - wPrime 1.55 32m *
14.9 s (8%)
X264 HD Benchmark 4.0 - x264 Pass 2
min: 19     avg: 21.3     median: 21.6 (8%)     max: 22 fps
X264 HD Benchmark 4.0 - x264 Pass 1
min: 100     avg: 112.7     median: 113.1 (26%)     max: 117 fps
3DMark 06 - CPU - 3DMark 06 - CPU
min: 3700     avg: 4299     median: 4347.5 (9%)     max: 4407 Points
Super Pi mod 1.5 XS 1M - Super Pi mod 1.5 XS 1M *
min: 12     avg: 12.3     median: 12.3 (3%)     max: 12.61 s
Super Pi mod 1.5 XS 2M - Super Pi mod 1.5 XS 2M *
min: 27.36     avg: 28.2     median: 28 (1%)     max: 29.69 s
Super Pi Mod 1.5 XS 32M - Super Pi mod 1.5 XS 32M *
min: 610     avg: 645     median: 643.5 (3%)     max: 722 s
3DMark Vantage - 3DM Vant. Perf. CPU no Physx
min: 9939     avg: 11370     median: 11779 (10%)     max: 12049 Points
3DMark 11 - 3DM11 Performance Physics
min: 3242     avg: 4145     median: 4107 (11%)     max: 4695 Points
3DMark - 3DMark Ice Storm Physics
min: 28394     avg: 37794     median: 37804 (31%)     max: 42974 Points
3DMark - 3DMark Ice Storm Extreme Physics
min: 26941     avg: 36877     median: 37260 (30%)     max: 42166 Points
3DMark - 3DMark Ice Storm Unlimited Physics
min: 36369     avg: 41562     median: 42260 (36%)     max: 43942 Points
3DMark - 3DMark Cloud Gate Physics
min: 2622     avg: 3414     median: 3503 (9%)     max: 3684 Points
3DMark - 3DMark Fire Strike Standard Physics
min: 3866     avg: 4887     median: 4979 (9%)     max: 5252 Points
Geekbench 4.4 - Geekbench 4.1 - 4.4 64 Bit Single-Core
min: 3648     avg: 3799     median: 3809 (38%)     max: 3958 Points
Geekbench 4.4 - Geekbench 4.1 - 4.4 64 Bit Multi-Core
min: 7066     avg: 7413     median: 7516 (8%)     max: 7767 Points
Geekbench 4.0 - Geekbench 4.0 64 Bit Single-Core
min: 3484     avg: 3661     median: 3630 (49%)     max: 3902 Points
Geekbench 4.0 - Geekbench 4.0 64 Bit Multi-Core
min: 6425     avg: 6947     median: 6806 (17%)     max: 7439 Points
Geekbench 3 - Geekbench 3 32 Bit Multi-Core
min: 6297     avg: 6584     median: 6480.5 (12%)     max: 6932 Points
Geekbench 3 - Geekbench 3 32 Bit Single-Core
min: 2812     avg: 2983     median: 2906 (57%)     max: 3209 Points
Geekbench 3 - Geekbench 3 64 Bit Multi-Core
min: 6695     avg: 6772     median: 6772 (11%)     max: 6849 Points
Geekbench 3 - Geekbench 3 64 Bit Single-Core
min: 3037     avg: 3144     median: 3143.5 (47%)     max: 3250 Points
PassMark PerformanceTest 9 - PerformanceTest 9.0 CPU Mark
4907 Points (26%)
Mozilla Kraken 1.1 - Kraken 1.1 Total Score *
min: 1109     avg: 1211     median: 1196 (1%)     max: 1542 ms
Sunspider - Sunspider 1.0 Total Score *
min: 77.7     avg: 124.3     median: 86.3 (1%)     max: 826 ms
Octane V2 - Octane V2 Total Score
min: 21890     avg: 29883     median: 30957 (27%)     max: 32838 Points
Power Consumption - Prime95 Power Consumption - external Monitor *
26.8 Watt (5%)
Power Consumption - Cinebench R15 Multi Power Consumption - external Monitor *
25.5 Watt (5%)
Power Consumption - Cinebench R15 Multi Power Efficiency - external Monitor
12.8 Points per Watt (10%)

Average Benchmarks Intel Core i7-4860HQ → 0% n=

Average Benchmarks Intel Core i5-7200U → 0% n=

- Range of benchmark values for this graphics card
- Average benchmark values for this graphics card
* Smaller numbers mean a higher performance
1 This benchmark is not used for the average calculation

v1.28
log 29. 16:31:45

#0 checking url part for id 9584 +0s ... 0s

#1 checking url part for id 4999 +0s ... 0s

#2 checking url part for id 8152 +0s ... 0s

#3 redirected to Ajax server, took 1719671505 +0s ... 0s

#4 did not recreate cache, as it is less than 5 days old! Created at Fri, 28 Jun 2024 05:15:21 +0200 +0s ... 0s

#5 composed specs +0.006s ... 0.007s

#6 did output specs +0s ... 0.007s

#7 getting avg benchmarks for device 9584 +0s ... 0.007s

#8 got single benchmarks 9584 +0s ... 0.007s

#9 getting avg benchmarks for device 4999 +0.001s ... 0.008s

#10 got single benchmarks 4999 +0.004s ... 0.012s

#11 getting avg benchmarks for device 8152 +0.001s ... 0.013s

#12 got single benchmarks 8152 +0.062s ... 0.075s

#13 got avg benchmarks for devices +0s ... 0.075s

#14 min, max, avg, median took s +0.031s ... 0.106s

#15 return log +0s ... 0.106s

Please share our article, every link counts!
> Expert Reviews and News on Laptops, Smartphones and Tech Innovations > Benchmarks / Tech > Processor Comparison - Head 2 Head
Redaktion, 2017-09- 8 (Update: 2023-07- 1)